The Peace FAQ:

The Holocaust, the Shoah

Frequently Asked Questions:

• What was the Holocaust?
• Why was the Holocaust unique? Weren't there other genocides?
• How many Jews were actually murdered?
• Why do Jews get their own word - weren't other groups killed as well?
• So why don't I see the word 'holocaust' used to describe fires anymore?
• What is a Holocaust denier? What is a Holocaust revisionist?
• Why are Holocaust revisionism, anti-Zionism, pro-Arab and pro-Muslim sentiment so often expressed by the same individuals? What is the relationship?
• Why did the Nazis and their allies expend so much of their wartime resources to exterminate the Jewish People?
• Who made the decision to murder the Jews? Was it Hitler, or others?
• What was the role of the Arabs in the Holocaust?
• Did the International Red Cross use its influence to help the Jews?
• Did the Catholic Church use its influence to help the Jews?
• Can the Holocaust ever happen again?
• What is the problem with Holocaust education today?
• What are the lessons learned from the Holocaust?

---

What was the Holocaust?

• The Holocaust was the murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators. Between the German invasion of the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941 and the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, Nazi Germany and its accomplices strove to murder every Jew under their domination. Because Nazi discrimination against the Jews began with Hitler's accession to power in January 1933, many historians consider this the start of the Holocaust era. The Jews were not the only victims of Hitler's regime, but they were the only group that the Nazis sought to destroy entirely.

  The term Holocaust is defined by the New Lexicon Webster's Dictionary of the English Language (1989) as a large-scale sacrifice or destruction, especially of life, especially by fire. As the research of Jon Petrie shows, Holocaust was already used by some writers during the war itself to describe what was happening to the Jews. Alongside it, various other terms such as destruction, disaster, and catastrophe have been and are still being used today to describe the fate of the Jews in Nazi-dominated Europe, although the dominant usage in American English since the middle of the 1960s is of the word Holocaust. In Hebrew, the word Shoah is used, and it appears more and more frequently in English-language texts. Genocide is a legal term for the destruction of the essential foundations of the life of national groups. It may include, but does not necessarily include, the physical annihilation of the group. The Holocaust is an expression, and arguably the most extreme expression, of genocide

  - from Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority

 

Why was the Holocaust unique? Weren't there other genocides?

• There are other historical events similar to the Holocaust, but the Holocaust has characteristics that, in the opinion of many scholars, make it unique. Mass murder, sometimes on a scale of millions and targeting specific religious, ethnic, or social groups, has occurred in history. Governments other than that of Nazi Germany have used camp systems and technology to serve deadly plans, and the Jews have been persecuted throughout much of history. However, the Holocaust may be considered unique for two main reasons: 1) unlike their policies toward other groups, the Nazis sought to murder every Jew everywhere, regardless of age, gender, beliefs, or actions, and they invoked a modern government bureaucracy to accomplish their goal; and 2) the Nazi leadership held that ridding the world of the Jewish presence would be beneficial to the German people and all mankind, although in reality the Jews posed no threat. Grounded in a spurious racist ideology that considered the Jews "the destructive race," it was this idea, more than any other, that eventually led to the implementation of the murderous policy known as the Final Solution.

  - from Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority

 

How many Jews were actually murdered?

• There is no precise figure for the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust. The figure commonly used is the six million quoted by Adolf Eichmann, a senior SS official. Most research confirms that the number of victims was between five and six million. Early calculations range from 5.1 million (Professor Raul Hilberg) to 5.95 million (Jacob Leschinsky). More recent research, by Professor Yisrael Gutman and Dr. Robert Rozett in the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, estimates the Jewish losses at 5.59-5.86 million, and a study headed by Dr. Wolfgang Benz presents a range from 5.29 million to six million. The main sources for these statistics are comparisons of prewar censuses with postwar censuses and population estimates. Nazi documentation containing partial data on various deportations and murders is also used. We estimate that Yad Vashem currently has somewhat more than four million names of victims that are accessible. This figure is based primarily on some two million Pages of Testimony, which often contain information about more than one Jew who perished in the Holocaust. As of early June 1999, more than 1.6 million Pages of Testimony have been computerized. In addition, we have thousands of documents containing names from the Holocaust era, many of which are those of victims. This body of documentation has yet to be fully researched and added to our computerized database. Eventually we hope, through our computerization project, to provide as much information as possible about each victim.

  - from Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority

• Estimated Number of Jews Killed in 'The Final Solution':

  Country	Estimated Pre-Final Solution Population	Estimated Jewish Population Annihilated	Percent Annihilated
  Poland	3,300,000	3,000,000	90
  Baltic Countries	253,000	228,000	90
  Germany/Austria	240,000	210,000	90
  Protectorate	90,000	80,000	89
  Slovakia	90,000	75,000	83
  Greece	70,000	54,000	77
  The Netherlands	140,000	105,000	75
  Hungary	650,000	450,000	70
  SSR White Russia	375,000	245,000	65
  SSR Ukraine*	1,500,000	900,000	60
  Belgium	65,000	40,000	60
  Yugoslavia	43,000	26,000	60
  Romania	600,000	300,000	50
  Norway	1,800	900	50
  France	350,000	90,000	26
  Bulgaria	64,000	14,000	22
  Italy	40,000	8,000	20
  Luxembourg	5,000	1,000	20
  Russia (RSFSR)*	975,000	107,000	11
  Denmark	8,000	--	--
  Finland	2,000	--	--
  Total	8,861,800	5,933,900	67
  *The Germans did not occupy all the territory of this republic. Source: Holocaust Denial: A Pocket Guide. Anti-Defamation League, 1997.

 

Why do Jews get their own word - weren't other groups killed as well?

• Numerous people fell victim to the Nazi regime for political, social, or racial reasons. Germans were among the first victims persecuted because of their political activities. Many died in concentration camps, but most were released after their spirit was broken. Germans who suffered from mental or physical handicaps were killed under a "euthanasia" program. Other Germans were incarcerated for being homosexuals, criminals, or nonconformists; these people, although treated brutally, were never slated for utter annihilation as were the Jews.

  Roma and Sinti (often called by the derogatory term Gypsies) were murdered by the Nazis in large numbers. Estimates range from 200,000 to over 500,000 victims. Nazi policy toward Roma and Sinti was inconsistent. In Greater Germany, Roma and Sinti who had integrated into society were seen as socially dangerous and eventually were murdered, whereas in the occupied Soviet Union, Roma and Sinti who had integrated into society were not persecuted, but those who retained a nomadic lifestyle were put to death.

  The so-called Slavs, the peoples of Poland, Russia, the Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria, were also deemed racially inferior by the Nazis. Yet it was not racial ideology alone that determined how the Nazis treated particular ethnic groups - the issues of realpolitik also came into play. Despite their supposed inferiority, the Slovaks, Croatians, Bulgarians, and some Ukrainians were allies of the Nazis. Russian prisoners-of-war died from neglect or hard labor, or were murdered, because of the Nazis' racism and loathing of Communism. Owing mostly to their plans to reorganize Europe on racial grounds, the Nazis treated the Poles terribly. The Nazi plans, however, did not target the Poles for complete annihilation. Polish children who "looked German" were to be raised as Germans, intellectuals and leaders to be murdered in order to prevent rebellion, and the rest to be enslaved.

  - from Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority

 

So why don't I see the word 'holocaust' used to describe fires anymore?

• The 'holocaust' users

  Prior to the world-wide awareness of the Nazi atrocities, the word 'holocaust' meant 'destruction by fire'. The word has since been transformed into the powerful identifier of the attempted extermination of the entire Jewish people by 'ordinary Germans'. A distinction is often made between the word with a capital 'H' and the same with a small 'h', the former used almost exclusively to refer to the attempted Nazi genocide against Jews, while the later has been left in limbo; few journalists reporting devastation caused by a fire use it for that purpose anymore, since the word can never be used without the Nazi reference entering people's minds.

  Unfortunately, however, there are those who use the word in the context of their favorite victims, ranging from aborted fetuses to Palestinian refugees, in order to evoke more sympathy from their audience. The same people who use the term outside the Nazi context would probably have the decency not to use the term 'rape' to describe the theft of a wallet or purse, no matter how violated one might feel. But somehow, the same self-censorship is not applied in the decision to use 'holocaust'. Why? Because these people generally respect women, as people.

  Those who use 'holocaust', even with a lowercase 'h' do so intentionally - in order to steal from the memory of the Holocaust, and, like icing on the cake, to use that theft to bolster one's own particular agenda. Start to use words like 'Challenger' or 'Lockerbie' or 'Apartheid' or 'Hiroshima' for every offense or perceived wrong, and you will diminish the magnitude of those events as well.

  The same people use the phrase 'Jewish Holocaust' in order to specify the Jewish variety - as if it were just one of many varieties - and it is as silly and offensive as refering to the 'Japanese Hiroshima', or the 'South African Apartheid'. One also hears 'Holocaust' used to describe ALL of Hitler's victims, not just the Jews. While it is true that Jews were only the largest of the many groups victimized, the Holocaust specifically refers to the attempted genocide of the Jewish people in WWII. These attempts to separate 'Holocaust' from its Jewish context are simply more subtle forms of Holocaust denial; and since they are not always recognized as such, they are far more troubling.

  Certainly, using 'holocaust' is a quick and cheap way of getting attention for one's favorite victims. It is a false attention, however, a fraud, a disservice to the contemporary cause which may indeed be able to evoke sympathy on its own merits, but is not given the chance. Lastly, it is an offense to the victims of an event, which at the very least, deserves its own name, not another form of denial.

  - The Society for Rational Peace

 

What is a Holocaust denier? What is a Holocaust revisionist?

• No crime, no sympathy, part I

  Holocaust denial or revisionism can take many forms. What these forms have in common is the desire to negate: 1) sympathy for the individual victims or the Jews in general, 2) disgust for those who actively or passively allowed the Holocaust to happen, or 3) feelings of guilt that we - our countries, our cultures, our ancestors - did not do enough to prevent it, and 4) the desire to make restitution, even if full compensation is impossible.

  The negation of the Holocaust is appealing to the denier or revisionist because, like the anti-Zionist, one can fight a war against the Jews while still denying that one is antisemitic, a title which excludes one from the battlefield of ideas in the post-Holocaust western world.

  - The Society for Rational Peace

 

Why are Holocaust revisionism, anti-Zionism, pro-Arab and pro-Muslim sentiment so often expressed by the same individuals? What is the relationship?

• No crime, no sympathy, part 2

  In their war against the Jews, these two strategies, Holocaust revisionism and anti-Zionism, are often tools used by the same pundits, often in the same sentences. Examples include Arab state-sponsored antisemitism, and the Marxist left like Roger Gauroudi, and including many self-hating Jews like Noam Chomsky and Norman Finkelstein. This group blames the Holocaust and the sympathy it aroused, for the creation, recognition, and continuing survival of the state of Israel, which they feel would not exist today had it not been for a world guilt-stricken over the Holocaust. In their war against Israel, or any other expression of Jewish liberation, such people desire to minimize recognition of the crime (the Holocaust) in order to force a reconsideration of the restitution (in their opinion, Israel).

  - The Society for Rational Peace

• "There is no choice but to begin a widespread solidarity campaign with philosopher Roger Giraudy, on trial in France for Holocaust-denial ... part of the Holocaust story is made-up".

  - Dr. Iye Sitar Kassem, on official Palestinian Radio

• "the Nazis may have really killed less than one million Jews"

  - Abu Mazen, PLO architect of the Oslo accords

• "[The Holocaust is] the forged claims of the Zionists regarding the alleged acts of slaughter perpetrated against the Jews the same period".

  - from Al-Hayat Al-Jadidah, the official PA newspaper, Sep. 3, 1997,

• "It is well-known that every year the Jews exaggerate what the Nazis did to them. They claim there were 6 million killed, but precise scientific research (sic) demonstrates that there were no more than 400,00 ... [the Jews have] profited materially, spiritually, politically and economically from talk about the Nazi killings. This investment is favorable to them. They view it as a profitable activity so they inflate the number of victims all the time".

  - official PA Television broadcast, 8/25/97

• "the lie concerning the gas chambers enabled the Jews to establish the State of Israel".

  - from the July 1990 issue of Balsam, published by the Palestinian Red Crescent (a branch of the International Red Cross)

• "[The anniversary of the creation of Israel is] 'Palestine Holocaust Day' ... the Palestinian people were submitted to the worst holocaust in history"

  - Yassir Arafat, Chariman of the PLO and the PA, in an address to the Palestinian Council in Ramallah on 5/10/97, the eve of Israeli Independence Day (HA'ARETZ 5/11/97)

• "Israeli practices in many aspects are equal with, if not more brutal than, those practiced by occupying Nazi soldiers [in Europe]"

  - the PA's Ministry of Information declared on 12/10/97

• "[Israeli treatment of the Palestinian Arabs is] worse than that of the Nazis in Auschwitz".

  - Arafat aide Bassam Abu Sharif, JERUSALEM POST, 2/15/97

• "Israeli PM Netanyahu is acting in the European style of the German armies so that he will be able to impose greater Israel and establish their superiority of the Hebrew race".

  - The PA newspaper Al-Hayat Al-Jadidah, 8/17/97

• Source of the above quotes is Emanuel A. Winston, a Middle East analyst & commentator

 

Why did the Nazis and their allies expend so much of their wartime resources to exterminate the Jewish People?

• Many answers to this question have been offered - theological, historical, philosophical, psychological, and Marxist - but none alone will ever be satisfactory. The historical answer might read something like this:

  In the 1930s, large segments of the German populace consented to live in a society based on the tenets of hatred, ethnic utopianism, and violence. They went to war to redress every wrong and every perceived wrong perpetrated against them over the previous 200 years, and to create their version of a better world. A central belief in the system by which they lived was that the Jews (or "The Jew") represented everything diametrically opposed to them and, for this reason, had to be removed. This belief was closely connected to a racial worldview, shared by many, which defined the Germans as members of a master race - the Nordic Aryans - and the Jews as an "anti"-race befouled by destructive physical characteristics. The utopia toward which these Germans strove would be unattainable if the Jews remained. When the geographical removal of the Jews proved infeasible, they resorted to the most radical of solutions: a Final Solution.

  - from Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority

 

Who made the decision to murder the Jews? Was it Hitler, or others?

German society in the 1930s was permeated by antisemitism, racism, a utopian vision of humanity organized under German hegemony, and a deep-seated and basic callousness towards human life. All of these elements contributed to the form of warfare waged by Nazi Germany and were themselves reinforced by the war. Large and varied segments of this society accepted the basic tenet that the Jews had to disappear. Although the way to effect this disappearance was not clear, humanitarian considerations were in any case irrelevant.

In this atmosphere, the idea of encouraging Jews to emigrate evolved into a policy of deportation, then brutal deportation, and finally deportation for the purpose of murder. It is not clear whether Hitler instigated these developments or simply allowed them to happen, as his underlings on various levels took independent initiatives in order to interpret and carry out their superiors' wishes. When the SS and other agencies, including the army, efficiently murdered hundreds of thousands of Jews during the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Hitler knew that the option of total annihilation had become feasible. Over the next half-year, plans for the construction of extermination camps were made and their implementation began. The origin of the idea of murdering all the Jews is not clear, even though passages in Hitler's book Mein Kampf suggest that such an order might eventually be given. In view of the nature of the Nazi bureaucracy, the order itself had to have come from Hitler, but its implementation was the handiwork of many tens of thousands, with the acquiescence of millions.

- from Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority

 

What was the role of the Arabs in the Holocaust?

• During the World War II years the Arab nations and their leaders sided with the Nazis against the Allies. Jews were routinely attacked by the Arabs. Their attitude may be epitomized by Haj Amin Al Husseini, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem who sat in Berlin with Hitler, where he requested that Hitler bring his "Jewish Solution" with his well-oiled killing machine to kill all the Palestinian Jews he could find.

  - by Emanuel A. Winston
  Middle East analyst & commentator

• Historically, the Islamic world's orientation to genocide against the Jews has not been limited to idle phrasemaking. Even before Israel came into existence in 1948, on November 28, 1941, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin, met in Berlin with Adolph Hitler. The subject of their meeting was "the final solution of the Jewish Question". This meeting, which followed Haj Amin's active organization of Muslim SS troops in Bosnia, included the Mufti's promise to aid German victory in the war. Later, after Israel's trial and punishment of Nazi war criminal Adolph Eichmann in 1961, Iranian and Arab newspapers treated the mass murderer as a "martyr", and congratulated him for having "conferred a real blessing on humanity" by liquidating six million Jews.

  - Louis Rene Beres
  Professor of International Law
  Department of Political Science
  Purdue University
  

• The Mufti was one of the initiators of the systematic extermination of European Jewry and had been a collaborator and advisor of Eichmann and Himmler in the execution of this plan. He was one of Eichmann's best friends and had constantly incited him to accelerate the extermination measures.

  - by J. B. Schechtman, in THE MUFTI AND THE FHRER: THE RISE AND FALL OF HAJ AMIN EL-HUSSEINI (New York: T. Yoseloff, 1965).

• The Mufti Haj Amin el-Husseini was the equal of any of the war criminals. In postwar testimony, a senior aide to Eichmann described el-Husseini's appetite for destruction. He said that the Mufti visited the Auschwitz gas chambers, in disguise, and reproved the Germans for their lack of diligence in the destruction of the Jews. He loudly protested the proposed Nazi deal to save 4,000 Bulgarian Jewish children or to exchange trucks for Hungarian Jews.

  The Mufti was never tried because the Allies were afraid of the storm in the Arab world if its national hero were to be treated as a criminal. The Mufti was received as a national hero in Egypt where he was among the sponsors of the 1948 war. Indeed, the Mufti represents the link connecting the two attempts to destroy the Jews, that of the Nazis and that of the Arabs. It is thus not surprising that the Mufti has a lofty place in the PLO's pantheon. Arafat saw the Mufti as an educator and leader, declaring in 1985 that he deemed it an honor to walk in his footsteps. Arafat stressed that the PLO continued to march in the path carved out by the Mufti.

  - by Arie Stav in Arabs and Nazism, OUTPOST, January 1996

 

Did the International Red Cross use its influence to help the Jews?

• During the course of World War II, the International Red Cross (IRC) did very little to aid the Jewish victims of Nazi persecution. Its activities can basically be divided into three periods:

  1. September, 1939 - June 22, 1941: The IRC confined its activities to sending food packages to those in distress in Nazi-occupied Europe. Packages were distributed in accordance with the directives of the German Red Cross. Throughout this time, the IRC complied with the German contention that those in ghettos and camps constituted a threat to the security of the Reich and, therefore, were not allowed to receive aid from the IRC.

  2. June 22, 1941 - Summer 1944: Despite numerous requests by Jewish organizations, the IRC refused to publicly protest the mass annihilation of Jews and non-Jews in the camps, or to intervene on their behalf. It maintained that any public action on behalf of those under Nazi rule would ultimately prove detrimental to their welfare. At the same time, the IRC attempted to send food parcels to those individuals whose addresses it possessed.

  3. Summer 1944 - May 1945: Following intervention by such prominent figures as President Franklin Roosevelt and the King of Sweden, the IRC appealed to Mikl?s Horthy, Regent of Hungary, to stop the deportation of Hungarian Jews.

  The IRC did insist that it be allowed to visit concentration camps, and a delegation did visit the "model ghetto" of Terezin (Theresienstadt). The IRC request came following the receipt of information about the harsh living conditions in the camp. The IRC requested permission to investigate the situation, but the Germans only agreed to allow the visit nine months after submission of the request. This delay provided time for the Nazis to complete a "beautification" program, designed to fool the delegation into thinking that conditions at Terezin were quite good and that inmates were allowed to live out their lives in relative tranquility.

  The visit, which took place on July 23, 1944, was followed by a favorable report on Terezin to the members of the IRC which Jewish organizations protested vigorously, demanding that another delegation visit the camp. Such a visit was not permitted until shortly before the end of the war. In reality, the majority were subsequently deported to Auschwitz where they were murdered.

  - Simon Wiesenthal Center

 

Did the Catholic Church use its influence to help the Jews?

• The head of the Catholic Church at the time of the Nazi rise to power was Pope Pius XI. Although he stated that the myths of "race" and "blood" were contrary to Christian teaching (in a papal encyclical, March 1937), he neither mentioned nor criticized antisemitism. His successor, Pius XII (Cardinal Pacelli) was a Germanophile who maintained his neutrality throughout the course of World War II. Although as early as 1942 the Vatican received detailed information on the murder of Jews in concentration camps, the Pope confined his public statements to expressions of sympathy for the victims of injustice and to calls for a more humane conduct of the war.

  Despite the lack of response by Pope Pius XII, several papal nuncios played an important role in rescue efforts, particularly the nuncios in Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Turkey. It is not clear to what, if any, extent they operated upon instructions from the Vatican. In Germany, the Catholic Church did not oppose the Nazis' antisemitic campaign. Church records were supplied to state authorities which assisted in the detection of people of Jewish origin, and efforts to aid the persecuted were confined to Catholic non-Aryans. While Catholic clergymen protested the Nazi euthanasia program, few, with the exception of Bernhard Lichtenberg, spoke out against the murder of the Jews.

  In Western Europe, Catholic clergy spoke out publicly against the persecution of the Jews and actively helped in the rescue of Jews. In Eastern Europe, however, the Catholic clergy was generally more reluctant to help. Dr. Jozef Tiso, the head of state of Slovakia and a Catholic priest, actively cooperated with the Germans as did many other Catholic priests. The response of Protestant and Eastern Orthodox churches varied. In Germany, for example, Nazi supporters within Protestant churches complied with the anti-Jewish legislation and even excluded Christians of Jewish origin from membership. Pastor Martin Niem"ller's Confessing Church defended the rights of Christians of Jewish origin within the church, but did not publicly protest their persecution, nor did it condemn the measures taken against the Jews, with the exception of a memorandum sent to Hitler in May 1936.

  In occupied Europe, the position of the Protestant churches varied. In several countries (Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and Norway) local churches and/or leading clergymen issued public protests when the Nazis began deporting Jews. In other countries (Bulgaria, Greece, and Yugoslavia), some Orthodox church leaders intervened on behalf of the Jews and took steps which, in certain cases, led to the rescue of many Jews.

  - Simon Wiesenthal Center

 

Can the Holocaust ever happen again?

• "History NEVER Repeats Itself, Man Always Does"

  - Voltaire

• "`Never Again' is what you swore - the time before!"

  - Depeche Mode

 

What is the problem with Holocaust education today?

• How does one teach Jewish children that at a certain historical juncture their people were considered bacilli and eradicated like so much vermin? Can such a page of history be ingested without lacerating the Jewish self-image? No child willingly accepts membership in a community that has seemingly lost so radically. It is better to be the hero in history.

  - Henry L. Feingold, in "How Unique Is the Holocaust" at the Simon Wiesenthal Center's Multimedia Learning Center Online

 

What are the lessons learned from the Holocaust?

• [Leftist Jews show an] unwillingness to deal with reality, and it echoes the unwillingness of the Jewish community of the thirties to recognize the threat posed by the Nazis. Indeed, it seems we have learned nothing at all from our experience with Nazism. The Holocaust has become little more than a tale to frighten children: demons in a morality play. They have turned the Holocaust into an image divorced from real world happenings. Millions more Jews could die in Israel, but they refuse to even imagine the possibility. They will not allow reality to interfere with their myths.

  - Professor Mark Steinberger (Department of Math and Statistics, State University of New York in Albany, New York

 

---

• RELATED SECTIONS:

  Genocide, Hatred, Racism, Antisemitism, Galut Mentality, Israel, Palestinians, anti-Zionism

• WWW RESOURCES:

• BOOKS & PRINTED MATERIAL:
  • The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War, by Martin Gilbert [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • Destruction of the European Jews, by Raul Hilberg [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers, by Filip Muller [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • The Nazi Connection to Islamic Terrorism: Adolf Hitler and Haj Amin al-Husseini, by Chuck Morse [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • The Secret War Against the Jews: How Western Espionage Betrayed The Jewish People, by John Loftus, Mark Aarons [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • Unholy Trinity: The Vatican, The Nazis, & The Swiss Banks, by Mark Aarons, John Loftus [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, by Deborah E. Lipstadt [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?, by Michael Shermer, Alex Grobman [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • Assassins of Memory, by Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Jeffrey Mehlman [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • Ideology of Death: Why the Holocaust Happened in Germany, by John Weiss [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • Mass Hate: The Global Rise of Genocide and Terror, by Neil J. Kressel [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen, by Tadeusz Borowski, Barbara Vedder, Jan Kott, Michael Kandel [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • The Last Eyewitnesses: Children of the Holocaust Speak, by Wiktoria Sliwowska, Julian Bussgang, Fay Bussgang [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • Mr. Death: The Rise & Fall of Fred A. Leuchter Jr., by Errol Morris [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • Holocaust: Religious and Philosophical Implications, by John K. Roth, Michael Berenbaum [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation, by Edwin Black [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • Last Letters From The Shoah, by Zwi Bachrach, Batsheva Pomerantz [VIEW BOOK HERE]

  • Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, by Daniel Jonah Goldhagen [VIEW BOOK HERE]

---

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z

SEARCH | HOME | PAGE TOP

This Page Created by Stav * First Published on September 1, 1998
© 2002 Copyright Yahoodi Communications

Other books we recommend on the subject: